Verifying and Study of the Manuscripts PDF |
| Mohammed Sameh Mahmod Mohammed Afaneh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Marwan Ali Al-Qaddomi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 202 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract It's surely that it's our duty to show the efforts of our venerable scholars and our reverent ancestors who vowed and devoted themselves and their times to serve the religion of (Allah) the Great and Almighty by refuting and disapproving the excess and the extravagance of the extremists who pass themselves as invalidators and liars.It's their right and it's our duty to preserve and save their knowledge and not to let the epochs and the years cover up and conceal their knowledge. To achieve this aim and objective, I followed the means of studying and verifying the manuscripts.God (the Great and Almighty) has granted me success to contribute and achieve this objective even with a modest but honorific effort, so my thesis involved the verification of a part from the manuscript of "Irshad Al-Farid ela Kashef Al-Gwamed men Elm Al-Fara'ad "The Guidance of the evaluator in Discovering the Ambiguities of the Law of Distribution of Estate " for the scholar Mohammed the grandson of Al-Maridini (May God be pleased with him) who died in 912 a.h. His manuscript talked about an important science of Sharia (Islamic Law), it's the of Distribution of Estate in Islam. The part that I verified contained many subjects in this law, since I started from the chapter of "Al-Munasakhat" Countermanding which deals with correcting some issues concerning the inheritance with regard to more than on dead person, then the chapter of inheritance by evaluation and precaution which contains issues of pregnancy, the poor and the epicene or androgyny persons and how to respond and reply to questions in addition what can be replied or cannot and at last how to bequeath or devise the relatives on the maternal side. I took into consideration in what mentioned above, the mentioning of the viewpoints of the legal jurists and their schools in addition to their evidences and proofs and giving preponderance or making one viewpoint outweigh another if possible. I presented for all the aforementioned the identification of the author from various sides and I offered identification to the manuscript which proves it's connection and attribution to the author. At last this is my modest effort, so if I was right and correct, it's from Allah and if I erred or was mistaken it's from my own soul and from the Satan (Devil). And the close of our supplication (cry) will be: "Praise be to Allah the Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds!" |
Tuesday, January 19, 2010
Verifying and Study of the Manuscripts
Tracing Back the Original Roots of Stylistics in Classical Criticism and Rehetoric Al-Sakaki's Book, Muftah Al-Ulum used as Asample of Study
Tracing Back the Original Roots of Stylistics in Classical Criticism and Rehetoric Al-Sakaki's Book, Muftah Al-Ulum used as Asample of Study PDF |
| Mays Khalile Mohammad Auda |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Yahya Jabr - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 159 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This is a theoretical study of the concepts of stylistics. It focuses on the subject of stylistics in contemporary (modem) criticism. It also attempts to relate stylistics to/with rhetoric, criticism, language, and critical heritage. In this study I have tried to underline two major points: First, the inadequacies and perfection of the study of stylistics; second, the employment of stylistics as a critically modern methodology or approach for the study of literal analysis and the discovery of linguistic variations. In my study 1 have relied heavily on Al-Sakaki’s work in rhetoric in his book Muftah Al-ulum. I have tried to find a connection between Al-Sakaki’s work in rhetoric and the works of other literary stylistics. I have found great connections between classical rhetoric and modern contemporary stylistics. In its last component, I have applied the theory of contemporary stylistics to some excerpts of Antara’s and Darwishe’s poetry for the purpose of underscoring the keen connection between the study of contemporary stylistics, on the one hand, and rhetoric and classical criticism, on the other hand. |
King in Poetry Ignorant
King in Poetry Ignorant PDF |
| Mohayya Abd-Raheem Khader Nassef |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ihsan Addik - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 153 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The current research focused on Aljahleon poems and kings "King in Poetry Ignorant". The study included an introduction and three chapters. The introduction presents the reasons behind the selection of this topic and the main literature recourse used. The first chapter included an introduction that discusses the definitions and linguistic meanings of the word king in ancient languages in addition to two main streams, the first discuses king in human heritage. I found that kings were looked at and considered as holly as God. This gave them the power to role nation's heritage. In the second stream "Kings in Aljahleon heritage" I did not find that Aljahleon were different in their point view from other nations towards the kings and concluded that humans in general are in need to the power that control the universe, a power that they respect and obey and kings were that power that provide them with security. The second chapter handled kings in poetry ignorant and I found that poets included kings in their poems, but kings were a part of the poem and were mentioned in contemporary, praise and defamation and other social aspects of life representing a honest view of Aljahleon life. The third chapter represents the king's images in the poetry ignorant and found three dimensions for this image a religious dimension in which king was thought of as God and in other cases considered as the sun, moon and others. The second image was a psychological dimension of the poets through their views of the good and evil of kings. The third dimension was the social aspect and in this respect, the king has two images; the first considered the king as a symbol of power and oppression and high ranking and the second as a symbol of giving, good, forgiving and welfare and both of these images reflected in an honest way the life of Aljahleon. In conclusion, I summarized the result of the study and ended with a list of used references. Judgments and the lexical meanings. his defines the original poetry and poem which appeared in an attracting way by the end of the third Hijri century and was at the top interest of the language sciences. The current study focused on collecting as much as possible of the poem of this period and I followed during this study two styles: a historical through citation of this phenomenon and the central subjects concerning linguistic, grammatical and scientific; and an analytic descriptive method that was used in the analysis of few poems with respect to its styles, roles and judgments. In addition to that, analysis included the lexical meanings especially those contradict the linguistic features. The study was divided into six chapters and ended with a conclusion included the results of the study. The first chapter discussed the phenomenon of the of the poem of "Al-mtoon", its origin, extensions, and the most important figures of that poem. The second chapter discussed meanings and words, common moral and the verbal ones, and those that share the same common verbal sense and differ in meanings including the opposites. The third chapter included the begging's of the riddles and their types including the linguistic and grammatical in addition to those poets who wrote riddles. The forth chapter was allocated to the grammatical systems and analyzed what is contradictory with the language rules. The fifth chapter was dedicated to poems related to the religion sciences, which is usually written by scholars and includes jurisprudence judgments on the basis of one of the doctrines. Chapters six was a collection of various related topics in order complete and tackle the various aspects of the poem of "Al-mtoon" and included poems of eloquence, medicine and history.
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Ali al khalili
Ali al khalili PDF |
| Abdul Rahman Ali Abdul Rahman J'eed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Adel Abu Amshah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 235 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study comes in an introduction, preface, four chapters and a conclusion as following. I summarized in the preface the biography of the author, and briefed his various literary works in Palestinian folklore, criticism, and journalism. Ali Al Khalil efforts were pointed toward presenting the Palestinian literature and its ability to participate in the Palestinian national movement, despite the occupation, and other hardships facing the Palestinian nation. In chapter one I have discussed the poetical works of Ali al Khalili; we can notice that the Palestinian struggle was visible in his poems. We can also notice his call for the resistance and his efforts to track the image of the martyr are all significant in most of his poetical works. Ali al Khalili as a poet draws his images from the rich heritage so he can build a contemporary picture. Moreover, al Khalili employed a language that is suitable for every stage, he used synonyms, repetition. The effort was focused in chapter two on the essay writing, and to compare his works with other journalists of the time in Palestine. Al Khalili managed to combine both, literary writing and journalist; his skills were obvious in his ability to distinguish between a news article and a literary article, and for him each type has its awn feature. Novel and Ali Al Khalili were the center of chapter three. Three novels of al Khalili that took their place in the Palestinian novel and painted the reality of the occupied land. In these novels I tried to analyze the novels from its language, structure, time, and characters. Biography of Ali Al Khalili was the subject of chapter four; I have tried to shed some light on the impact of the first place (Bit an nar) in his life, his first poem and the impact that formed the seeds of his poetical work especially after the Nakbah of 1948. Finally, the study ends with a conclusion that summarizes the main result of the study??? Al Khalili literary works was not only limited on the resistance of occupation, but also took the social and intellectual aspects of life. Despite all of Al Khalili works, they did not take their sufficient study from critics and scholars. On this regard , one of the objectives of the study is to draw more attention to al Khalili literary achievements, that is his efforts were focused on the issue of the Palestinian human being through the various stages that is full of sacrifice despite the hardship pf his life although he continued the creativity marc and supplied the Palestinian literature of more than one literary genre and this by it self is an indicator of his large energy that made him take an important role in the Palestinian literary movement. |
Environmental Impoct Assesment of Separation wall Which built in Wast Bank
Environmental Impoct Assesment of Separation wall Which built in Wast Bank PDF |
| Mazen Ibrahim Hasan Salman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Dr. Marwan Haddad - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 171 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This research handled the study and analysing of the environmental effects resulted from building the separating wall and according to the circumstances the Palestinian citixens live especially during the second Intifada (Al-Aqsa Intifada) the various effects resulted and which the last one of then was erecting the recial separation wall on the Palestinian citizens' lands. The importance of this study for the Palestinians hides in that the wall is the thing which caused them to lose their living resorerces land and water, uprooting their trees and it separated them and caused them to leve in contons, the matter which destroyed their economy and environment, whereas the Zoinist entity fobernment built this wall on the Palestinian citizens lands and among their villages and tonses. For this its effects were destructive for man, animal, trees and stone. The problem did not only confine to the persons whose houses were destroyed and lands were eroded and their trees were uprooted, but it also surpassed and their effects were apparent on a big sector of the Palestinian people, and it is confine that it studies the case of the Gitizen who was harmed because of the wall but it studies the effect of the wall on the Palestinian environment as a whole as it stadies thae effect of the wall on animals and wild plants and even on th air, water and Pastares. This study aimed at acquainting with the environmental effects resulted form building whe separating wall on the Palestinian people's lands and evaluating the extent of the wall effect on the Palestinian environment and limiting the environmental risks resulted from erecting the wall. But as for the time and place, this study dealt with the effects resulted from erecting the separating wall in the period 2003-2004, and it includer there gorenorates: Jenin, Qalqiliah, Jerusalem by a lot. The effects were great as it percentage on it was 76.01% and this expresses the effect of the hygienic sector greatly, and on the environmental sector it was great and with great loss. Table (34) illustrates that the effects were great as the respanse percentage was 76.01% and this expresses the effect of the hygienic sector was great. But as for the effects on the enveronmental sector were great but less effective comparable with the other hygienic, environmeatal, water, agricultural and economical sectors as the response percentage reached to 70.41%. As for the educational considerations, the study results indicate that the response percentage reaches to 74.42%, and this indicates that, the effect on the educational sector was big. As for the water consideratins, the study indicates that this sector was the most a ffected one by the wall as the response percentage was 78.19% and this percentage is considered of the highest percentages after the agriculteral and economical considerations. The results of table (34) indicates that the agricalteal sector was one of the most harmed as the response percentage was 78.52% and this assures that the basic goal was to annex the Palestinian lands and destray the table lands. But as for the social and environmental considerations, the result of this study indicates that this sector was the most harmed comparable with the other sectors as the response percentage was 79.68%. But as for the considerations of establishments, the study indicates that this sector is one of the least affected by the wall companable with the other sectors as the response percentage was 57.75%. this shows that the establishments were less affected of the study reslts, there have been lear idfferences with a statistical indication (0.05) between the wall erection and the life standard attribut to democile change (city, village) especially in the hygienic effects between the villages and cities as the effect on the villages is greater and is attributed to centralizing the hygienic services in the cities. It has also been clarified that there were differences with statistical indication at level (0.05) between the wall building and life standard ettributed to the variety of work natere between the suplayee and merchant for the employee's sake. |
Images of war in pre-Islamic poetry
Images of war in pre-Islamic poetry PDF |
| Ebtesam Nayet Saleh Abu-Alroob |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan -El-deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study investigates the images of war in the pre0islamic poetry and its connection with legends and old believes; the study analyze this imagery for the old Arab including the rituals and religious events that is related. This study will track the various images of war in the old Arabic poetry. The methodology of the research is based in previous studies that are presented in this topic and my effort was focused on the collecting of the scattered images and to clarify the boundaries of the methodology from the poetry of many old poets who used these images. The study used resources and reviews from many references that took the subject from many angles and the critical studies the manhag takamly was used on this study. The nature of the study made the obligation to distribute the materials in and introduction and three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter, the war in heritage, traced the war in ancint nations like Sumerians, Babylonians, cannaites, Hebrew and the pre-Islamic Arabs tribes from the perspective of their rituals of war. The second chapter holds the title image of the human war, in the chapter the focus was on the images that are related to the female and its relation to war and the artistic description from a comparative approach. On the other hand, the images of male in war which focused on heroism and sacrifice and the discretion of the war hero and the and the deionization of the enemy. The third chapter of the study, the natural images of war, in this chapter the nature as a living or dead entity that took thew images of camal in war, goul ,animal, grinding wheels, water, and its cmaprisn and images of war that unified the poets of the certina images. Finally, the concusion of the study were presented (add from ur own . |
AL-Andalus Grammarians Efforts in Facilitating Arabic Grammar PDF |
| Fadi Saqer Ahmad Aseedi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Wael Abu Saleh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 216 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study is considered one of the fundamental studies in the linguistic and syntax research studies in Arabic language history as it tries to reveal the cultural and scientific legacy of the Islamic culture in Spain. This study, which consists to five chapters, aims to investigate the endless efforts of the grammarians in Al-Andalus (Spain) to simplify Arabic grammar and solve many related problematic issues. Thus, this study tries to shed light on the different styles and methods followed to achieve the above mentioned goals. In the introduction, the researcher in this study clarifies the importance of the subject, justifies why it was chosen and explains the methodology followed throughout the study. Chapter one discusses the introduction of syntax to Spain, the most famous grammarians and their roles in the development of this science, the reasons behind the publicity of the science of syntax in Spain and how this science was affected by jurist writings and their different approaches mainly the apparent doctrines and the various factors that motivated the grammarians is Spain to simplify the rules and principles of syntax. Chapter two targets three Spanish grammar books written mainly to simplify grammar. I introduced the most popular methods used to simplify grammar in three resource books. Those books are "Al-Wadih" written by Abu-Bakr Al-Zubaidi, Al-"Tawti'a" written by Abu-Ali Ashlobin and "Al-Tasheel" written by Ibn-Malik Al-Jiyyani. Chapter three discusses the efforts of the Spanish grammarians in explaining and illustrating grammar books that come from the East which were considered a basic tool in simplifying grammar for the Spanish Muslims .In this study I introduced the most popular books well-known for the people of Spain among which are 'Sibawayh book', "Al-Jamal" written by Al-Zujaji, "Al-Iedah" written by Abu-Ali Al-Fasi. Those books were explained by great scholars like Al-Shantamri, Ibn-Al-Batlayousi, Al-Labli and Al-Saffar. Chapter four tackles the rejection of the linguists in Spain to some of the grammar issues mainly Al-thawani and Al-Thawalith and their rejection to the theory of the (Doer) like Ibn-Al-Mada'Al-Qortobi and Ibn-hazm who rejected such doctrines. In addition to that I presented the opinions of many Spanish linguists who rejected the idea of linguistic cause and its linguistic effects and the impact of that on grammar. Chapter five introduces poetry used for teaching grammar in Spain used as a significant tool to simplify grammar and lessen the problem of syntax. A representative selection was chosen by the researcher as an example of the most popular types of poetry composed for that purpose. The findings and recommendations come at the end of this research. |
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura PDF |
| Marwan Mohamed Saed Abd-Elrahman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Khaleel Auda - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 237 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This applied study, which consist of three chapters, searches in Alkahf Sura, according to Stylistic Method, which searches into the different aspects of linguistics: critically. This study is distinguished in the sense that it covers the whole Sura. In the first chapter, it explores the phonetic level, and its musical and aesthetical significance .In addition the semantic level and the features of the exact expressions are explored. Then the associative relations among the accurately chosen words including: synonyms, antonyms, and polyesmy are studied. In the 2sd chapter, This significant phenomena of this Sura together with its expressive meanings are investigate. Among these phenomena are: repetition, singular and plural, definite and indefinite, backward and forward, interrogation, and surprise. In the third chapter, I studied the artistic imaging of the Sura،In which imaginary expressions depending on figurative formed together with its artistic images in which we can notice clearly the artistic images in which we can clearly notice the artistic harmony of all these images.
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The Syntax Evidence in Al-Sihah Dictionary for Al-Jawhary
The Syntax Evidence in Al-Sihah Dictionary for Al-Jawhary PDF |
| Ma'moun Tayseer Moh'd Mubarakeh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ahmad Hassan Hamed - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 291 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study is considered as an analysis of the syntax evidence in the correction dictionary of Al Jawaheri. In this study the light is shed on the origin of languages studies and its conditions. The syntax evidence is discussed as follows: It definition, conditions, types, subjects and the effect of syntax points of views in guided it. The study also discussed Al Jawaheri syntax personality and the most important features based upon him and the cultural sources which he used in evidences guidance. The study is also dealt with the approach that he followed with the evidences, subjects and syntax guidance. The study showed a special chapter about collecting syntax evidences in Al Jawaheri correction dictionary defining its subjects as it's shown in the correction and its different syntax aspects. |
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura PDF |
| Marwan Mohamed Saed Abd-Elrahman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Khaleel Auda - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 237 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This applied study, which consist of three chapters, searches in Alkahf Sura, according to Stylistic Method, which searches into the different aspects of linguistics: critically. This study is distinguished in the sense that it covers the whole Sura. In the first chapter, it explores the phonetic level, and its musical and aesthetical significance .In addition the semantic level and the features of the exact expressions are explored. Then the associative relations among the accurately chosen words including: synonyms, antonyms, and polyesmy are studied. In the 2sd chapter, This significant phenomena of this Sura together with its expressive meanings are investigate. Among these phenomena are: repetition, singular and plural, definite and indefinite, backward and forward, interrogation, and surprise. In the third chapter, I studied the artistic imaging of the Sura،In which imaginary expressions depending on figurative formed together with its artistic images in which we can notice clearly the artistic images in which we can clearly notice the artistic harmony of all these images.
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Amending Condition of Contractual Responsibility in the Egyptian Civil Law
Amending Condition of Contractual Responsibility in the Egyptian Civil Law PDF |
| Ahmed Saleem Fariz Al-Nasrah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Gassan Khaled - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 253 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study examined the amending conditions in the contractual responsibility. In an introductory chapter, several issues related to this study were raised. One was the pillars of contractual and inadequate responsibility. The focus was on the pillar of error. It was explained that personal responsibility of the moneylender (creditor) extends to his responsibility for the errors of his/her followers and the act of doing the thing. A comparison was held between the two responsibilities. The issues of combination and choice between the two responsibilities were presented. It was found that considering the choice between the two responsibilities would lead to the lack of order of the two exempting and mollifying conditions of the impacts of the two responsibilities. A definition of these two conditions was presented and so was their scope. It was found that the idea of amendment in the responsibility is blemished with ambiguity by same law expounders. The researcher distinguished it from compensation agreement system and responsibility insurance. Then the researcher presented the effects of conditions on the persons. He explained what could be considered an exception in these effects and showed the partial and total impact of the invalidity of these conditions on the contract, thus rendering the application of the general rule in the lessening of contracts. Chapter one was devoted to the exempting condition from responsibility. In this context, the researcher presented the fiqh (Islamic Law) position towards this condition. He also presented the position of the Egyptian law and court of justice. It was found that the Egyptian civil law has allowed explicitly this condition but introduced two exceptions to it. One exception is serious error; the other is the error of the other. The researcher criticized this position because the creditor’s responsibility in this case is a personal responsibility. Further, the Egyptian civil law has failed to put rules or sufficient restrictions on this condition. The researcher suggested taking a number of these rules, derived from fiqh and court of justice and others derived from some special applications These restrictions don’t allow this condition if it poses danger to man’s safety. They also don’t allow this condition if it has to do with a key commitment in the contract. In addition, it was necessary for the condition to be written; otherwise, it would be related to the relationship between the consumer and the merchant. It shouldn’t be stated in the submissive contract. The researcher found that despite allowing this condition as a general rule, several applications were cited and considered this condition devoid. The researcher concluded that this condition would lead to the lack of responsibility of the creditor although he would be originally responsible pursuant to the general rules. He has to transfer the burden of evidence, in the case of cheating and serious error. Chapter two was devoted to the mollifying condition. The researcher noticed that this condition had several versions. He, however, limited them to the two general versions. One is the mollifying cases of commitment. Added to them was a special version pertinent to the condition which dictates that the period of course of the time be shortened. The researcher, in this context, found that the first and second versions would be allowed. The third version, however, would not be allowed except in narrow situations. Of the mollifying condition versions, the version that would refer to the sum of compensation was ruled out. It was not considered a mollifying condition of responsibility. Rather it was a compensation: either agreement or legal. Concerning the partial exemption from obligation or commitment, it was attached to the provision of exempting condition because there was no difference between them. What applies to most of the mollifying condition provisions apply also to the exempting condition given the same cause most of the time. In chapter three, the researcher dealt with the stiff condition in responsibility. He presented the condition which holds the moneylender the foreign cause. He explained its notion, what it includes and showed that it has had two faces. The first is included in the concept of guarantees. It is considered a commitment in its accurate meaning. The second remains within the framework of responsibility. Every adaptation necessitates different effects. They were all explained in the context of the research. The researcher presented the effects of this condition on the burden of evidence and money lender’s responsibility. He also explained the exceptions to it. He also dealt with the condition of toughening the evaluation of the moneylender’s conduct and explained its versions and its impact of evidence and moneylender’s responsibility. He also presented several applications for the stiff condition in responsibility in several contracts. In addition, he presented the restrictions stated in the stiff condition in responsibility: writing, clarity, physical safety of men, non-violation of general order, and good intention and non-violation of the condition of justice. In the conclusion, the researcher presented general conclusions. Details pertinent to applications of conditions, however, were not all presented. The suggestions were also restricted to the wording of a general text which has to be included in the civil law in addition to another text pertinent to the permission of choice between the two responsibilities. |
Value Added Tax and it`s Relatoinship
Value Added Tax and it`s Relatoinship PDF |
| Amer Abdul Aziz Mahmood Musa |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Hasan F. Haj Musa - د. غسان خالد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 216 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract There are authors who consider tax to comprise all ideological, economic and technical elements, that interact with one another to construct a certain tax entity, which works for financing public expenses programs of the state, in addition to raising the level of economic resources and directing them towards the best utilization and accelerating growth rates to alleviate or eliminate problems of instability and realize social justice in national income distribution among individuals of the society, and also imposing national security for all. On the basis of a deep and realistic study of the needs of any society, that society may consider having any sort of taxes and build its taxing system in accordance with that adopted sort. takes differ in kind according to source being direct, indirect, imposed on money, on persons, income, capital, or expenses. Taxes may be imposed on one source or be multisided, or they may not be given with tax designation. Serving citizens and considering their interests needs enough financing ; in fact, it is the autonomous and abundant source in which, foreigners don’t help the government and which enables the government, in case it is well utilized, not to concede any part of its sovereignty. After considering taxes as comprising social solidarity, when distribution of taxes is fair, it becomes necessary to study taxes and their results in producing direct or indirect utility to the society and individuals. Tax laws are diverse and interusined such that the individual citizen (the non-specialist) becomes unable to differentiate easily between one tax and another, hence I preferred to write on this subject trying to discover points of compatibility and incompatibility between value added tax and income tax which are valid in Palestine, especially in the administration and legislative stages including definition and collecting. Hence, the study matter will be identifying the degree of compatibility between the valid tax laws and their correlaon and also investigating the feasibility of existence of various tax departments in light of the correlation between the various taxes, and knowing if one tax department can do all tasks of the departments, particularly in case of amending some tax laws. The research also adopted the attempt of providing the reader with a complete idea on the application of vat in Palestine regarding the beginning of its collecting, the law according to which it is collected, and the exactly of possibility of developments of there laws to be more sensitive to tax fairness requirements, the principles upon which these laws were founded and applied, and also the determinates of this tax as implied by the economic agreement between the national Palestinian authority and the Hebrew state. The importance of this study is related to discovering to the relationship between vat and income tax, especially the legislative relationship and determining the possibility of depending on decrees or decisions in imposing vat or the necessity of issuing explicit law imposing vat in commodities and services and also studying the extent of compatibility between vat and income tax and also investigating the method of determining the due income tax on establishments and companies, i.e. in legal personalities regarding their payment of vat without rereading of the tax file annually, particularly if the file was examined on a monthly basic in the vat departments. Literature on vat in particular and income tax in general was reviewed, including books on public finance, journals, papers and internet sites. also a field study questionnaire was used for deducing the opinion of tax payers and their understanding of the various kinds of taxes and enquiry about their performance of any imposed tax, and ease of dealing with tax departments in addition to other enquiries concentrating on vat, customs, and excise taxes, and determining if there is a need of imposing vat on commodities and service as is the case with the taxes of customs, excise, taxes and the law of income taxes. The research confirmed the necessity of unifying the departments of vat and the income tax in one department, activating the role of the tax department to become the fundamental and first reference of revenues of the Palestinian national authority, and also the necessity of availability of independent legislative laws of the PNA i.e. accelerating issuance of a vat law, because the available texts regarding the vat systems, currently, are not available to all taxable persons, in addition to being ambiguous and difficult to understand set during the day of direct occupation. This can take place through a modern tax laws that responds to the particularity of tax payers and the challenges of the Palestinian reality, current in Palestine, and reducing income tax, and increasing dependence on expenditure taxes including vat. |
Regulation of Options in Money Markets from the Legal, Artistic, Taxable and Religious Sides
Regulation of Options in Money Markets from the Legal, Artistic, Taxable and Religious Sides. PDF |
| Zahira Yunes Muhammad Suwadi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ghassan Sharif Khalid - د. حسن فـلاح حسن |
| Discussion Commity |
| 277 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The subject of this research is the regulation of options in money markets from the legal, artistic, taxable and religious sides. The content of the thesis began with a general introduction as a preliminary to the subject matter of the research work; where I tackled the importance of the treatise as well as the aim from it. The researcher dealt with the approach of survey in the study, besides to the abstract of it in Arabic & English. Then, she discussed a few studies related to the issue of the paper. The research includes six sections, where each of them contains two topics. In the first of them, I treated the money markets according to their importance and tasks; in addition to the security bonds manipulated inside them. The second topic in the first section has concentrated, in detail, on the evaluation for them. The researcher concluded from it that there was a framework planning dividing the money markets for the majority of their patterns upon our own proposal already included at the end of chapter one. In the second chapter, I tackled the issue of emergence and arrangement for future contracts and their markets; where the first survey in this section has commenced with subjects related to future contracts in general; as well as their kinds that include options and exchanges, besides to a comparison between these contracts and those of options; whereas, in the second chapter, we tried, in the second research, to deal with the arrangement of future contract markets pertaining to the importance of them; the number of their members, the procedures of interaction with them and the kinds of orders used in them due the fact that the markets of option are a part from the future markets. The third section contained the subject of legal & administrative regulation for options in the markets of option; yet, the discourse in the first research of this section deals with the definition of options; their importance; their pitfalls; and the legal sides of the contract; such as, its bases; its peripheries; its divisions; besides to the kinds of options and their merits. The second research discussed the legal & administrative regulation for arranged options talking about the legal regulation for options and limitation of their acts and the accountability of contracting with them; besides, to the administrative regulation in these markets; such as, the registration in the market, the members in arranged options & the interactions of compromise in them. The first search in the fourth section has surveyed the economical evaluation for options throughout the factors affecting the quotation of options rights as well as the methods of determining their value; the statistical styles of measuring the sensitivity of options far from the risks that the operators with them might be exposed to. Yet, in the second research of the same section, we studied the accountable special issues in options as determiners for option; as well a margin of insuring the option and the ways of calculating it; and the impact of option on the current market. The fifth section talked about the artistic sides for options; such as, the strategies of options as the first research of it dealt with a group of strategies that stand on one option. Yet, in the second survey of the fourth section, we studied a group of strategies that includes a variety of options; together with mentioning the aims of each strategy and giving examples on them in both surveys. At last, in the six sections, I tackled the taxable treatment for options in the first part of it; where I have talked about the cost of interactions in these contracts; the manner of calculating commission on them; and the taxable treatment for the profits. In the second part of this section, I wrote about the juristic adaptation for options starting with the doctrinal adaptation for money markets in general & the contracts of option; besides to the religious viewpoint towards these interactions; the legality & illegality of them; and lastly, the researcher’s opinion in this domain. In the end, there were conclusions & recommendations reached to from this treatise. The most important of which were: the whole options, with all their types, are one of the wide spread financial derivatives aiming at realizing returns within a level of risks expected more effectively. There is an important recommendation concerning the money markets despite their large, important role in the economy of the state; yet, there are a few warnings against the erroneous usage. |
The Evaluation of the
The Evaluation of the PDF |
| Safa' Mohammad Mahmod Bkheitan |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Afnan Darwazi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 174 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the new Palestinian curriculum for the elementary school level, which is from the first grade to the tenth grade, from the supervisors and teachers view in government schools located in the northern governates of the West Bank, in the scholastic year 2005-2006 by answering the following questions: 1- What is the effectiveness of the new sciences curriculum for the elementary school level as seen by supervisors and teachers in government schools located in the northern governates of the West Bank? 2- What are the differences that are statistically significant in the evaluation of the new sciences curriculum using the criteria of: objectives, contents, activities, evaluations, and the relationship between sciences curriculum and each of technology and society? 3- Are there any differences that are statistically significant in the evaluation of the teacher to the efficiency of the new sciences curriculum and that of supervisors? 4- What are the differences that are statistically significant in the evaluation of the new sciences curriculum in the variables of gender, years of experience, academic specialization, scientific qualifications, and the level of school teaching? 5- What are the issues that should be taken into consideration in the new sciences curriculum in future developments, from the point of view of teachers and supervisors represented in the study sample? In an attempt to answer these questions, a sectional randomly selected sample of teachers at government schools in the northern West Bank governates was chosen, in the distracts of Nablus, Jenin, Qabatiah, Tulkarem, Qalqiliah, and Salfeet. The study sample consisted of (399) teacher distributed as follows: (206) male teachers, (193) female teachers, and (28) supervisors divided as (17) male supervisors and (11) female supervisors. The sample represents (24%) of the original educator population contacted. A questionnaire was developed for the purposes of the study. It consisted of (73) items, scaled on Likered scale (5 degrees scale), to measure the efficiency of the new sciences curriculum on five domains: objectives, contents, activities, evaluation, and the relationship between curriculum and each of technology and of society. The questionnaires were collected, and analyzed by using descriptive analysis, frequency tables, percentages tables, and one way ANOVA, and (F) tests. The study resulted on the following conclusions: 1- The teachers and supervisors evaluations of the new sciences curriculum was (3.60) degrees out of five, that is (72.1%). This shows that supervisors’ evaluation of the curriculum was (3.78) or (75.76%), which is higher than that of teachers which were (3.59) or (71.88%), with a statistical significant of (α=0.038). 2- The teachers and supervisors mean average on each criteria are as follows: educational activities (3.65) which is (73%), contents of the curriculum (3.63) or (72.7%), sciences and technology and society (3.61) which is (72.1%), objectives (3.58) or (71.56%) and finally evaluation methods (3.54) or (70.8%). 3- Repeated ANOVA analysis using the (F) test showed that there are differences that are statistically significant on the level(α = 0.000), also the results of the ANOVA and Sidak tests showed differences that are statistically significant on the level (α = 0.05) Between objectives and educational activities, the differences are in favor of educational activities; and between contents of the curriculum and the objectives, the differences are in favor of contents, and between educational activities and evaluation methods in favor of educational activities; and between contents and evaluation methods in favor of contents. 3- ANOVA using (F) test showed differences that are statistically significant on the level (α = 0.05). In evaluation of the new sciences curriculum on the light of the variable of specialization in favor of (other than mentioned) that is, of teachers holding degrees in specialization other than in physics, chemistry, and biology; and in the variable of scientific qualifications in favor of teachers holding less than a B.A., and for the variable of level of teaching in favor of elementary school teaching level. 4- The (F) test did not show any differences that are statistically significant on the level (α = 0.05) in the evaluation of the new sciences curriculum on the criteria in relation to the variable of gender, or years of teaching experience. 5- The educational improvements that must be implemented in the sciences curriculum for basic level students as seen by the teachers and supervisors in the northern districts of the West Bank are: · Considerations of individual differences between students. · To take into consideration student’s own academic ability. · To increase the number of sessions or to reduce the volume of educational material. · The results will be evident in future studies. |
Evaluation of Solid Waste Management Practices in Nablus District
Evaluation of Solid Waste Management Practices in Nablus District PDF |
| Abu Zahra, Abdul Salam F |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Hafez Shaheen; Isam al Khatib - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study is about the current solid waste management system in Nablus district and it covers the issue from three aspects. These are the management system, awareness of citizens, and solid waste composition. Around 97% of the population in Nablus district are located within areas that have a solid waste collection system. There are great variations in the management system between the city and villages, and among different villages. The collection systems in villages vary from one to another by equipment used. 25 localities are using compacting trucks while 22 are using tractor. The service provider is local council in 9 localities, a contractor in 27 localities, and the joint service council in 13 localities. Amount of solid waste fee ranges between 5 NIS to 15 NIS. The fee is collected separately in 11 localities, with electricity bill in 35 localities, with water bill in 3 localities, with both bills in 2 localities Ownership of the dumping sites also changes from locality to locality. Insufficiency of existing labor and equipments, improper disposal of waste in dumping sites, and low fee collection rates, are the main problems in the existing management system. There is no separation of hazardous and medical waste in all localities. These practices increase threat to citizens and the environment. There is a question about the necessity of unifying the solid waste management system in the district and in the Palestinian territories. This unification can be activated by initiative from the Ministry of Local Government, which is responsible for the local councils. There is a need for establishing sanitary disposal landfill. This should be done in parallel with closing the illegal dumping sites, and increasing the recycling and composting where it is feasible. The UNRWA has to take its full responsibility in refugee camps by disposing the generated solid waste. Currently, UNRWA is only collecting solid waste from the camps and disposing it in the nearest municipal containers. Different citizens’ attitudes toward solid waste management were revealed. Like, readiness of citizens to pay more for better collection system as their income increases, and the readiness of citizens living in separate houses to walk further to container than citizens living in apartments. There is a good indication about readiness of citizens to separate solid waste into five components for recycling purpose. On the other hand, there is a need to increase citizens awareness and care about solid waste management issues. The weight composition percentage of the solid waste in Nablus district is 63% organic material, 8% plastics, 3% metals, 3% glass, 10% paper and cardboard, 3% textiles 10% others and inert materials. It is clear that the high portion of solid waste is organic material, as expected in developing countries. The variation in the composition between village and city is minor. The organic content is a bit higher in villages while the paper content is higher in the city. |
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among School Children in Salfeet District
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among School Children in Salfeet District PDF |
| Odeh, Mohammad Mahmoud Mohammad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Nael S. Abu-Hasan; Riad Amer - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
A cross-sectional study conducted in the second semester of the academic year 2005 to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in school children aged 6 to 18 years, who live in the district of Salfeet in the West Bank area of Palestine. The study sample consisted of 144(49.7 %) male students, and 146 (50.3 %) female students. Complete blood count (CBC) was performed and blood samples with main corpuscular volume (MCV) value less than 80um³(FL) were subjected to serum iron test. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 26.7% (12.7% with anemia, and 14% without anemia). The prevalence of iron deficiency among females was 30.5%, and among males was (21.6%). Iron deficiency was apparent in all studied age groups. The prevalence of 32.4% was observed among the age group 6- 8 years, 35.3% among age group 9-11 years, 25.9% among 12-14 years and 12.1% among 15-18 years old. Differences in prevalence rates were statistically significant (P= 0.01 at ? = 0.05). According to place of residency, there was statistically significant difference between the overall prevalence of iron deficiency among children living in villages compared to children living in the city (22.8% versus 32.6% respectively, P <> |
Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer In North-West – Bank, Palestine1998-2006
Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer In North-West – Bank, Palestine1998-2006 PDF |
| Muneer M. S. SHaraf |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Bowirrat Abdalla - M.D., Ph.D - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1) Prof. Bowirrat Abdalla - M.D., Ph.D. ( Supervisor) ) Dr. yahia faidi (Internal Eexaminer) 3) Dr. Y osef Al Hurani ( External Examiner) |
| 168 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude of prostate cancer in the North West-Bank, and to shade light on risk factors affecting its distribution. DESIGN /METHODS: In a descriptive and retrospective study, we conducted a large study among hospitalized patients. Data were collected from Teaching Hospitals (Al Watani, Beit Jala and Jinnen hospitals), during the period (1998-2006). The total population number were 750.000, of whom 70.000 men, 40 years or older were our target. Analysis based on patient admissions, and statistical methods were (ANOVA Test, T-test, Correlation, Chi squire test, Descriptive statistics and frequencies and percentile methods). RESULTS: 78 prostate cancers were reported with incidence rate of 10.4 per 100.000 populations. We revealed that the majority of patients (64.1%) were diagnosed in Nablus and the lowest (6.4%) in tulkarem city The highest percentage was among: [Non-smokers vs. smokers (61.5% vs 37.2% respectively), industrial workers vs. Doctors (42.3% vs 5.1%), families of seven children or over vs. less than three (56.4% vs. 5.1%), patients over 65 years, with high PSA serum levels (20ng/ml or over), (64.1%)]. Person Chi Square df, significant values of PSA categorized and dependent variables (Occupation, no. of children and Age), showed a Pearson correlation and statistical significance at P-Value = 0.05 which was respectively (0.016, 0.018, 0.003). Significant relationship was found between age and infection (P-value = 0.032) and between cancer stage and age (0.021). CONCLUSION: Prostatic carcinoma in the West-Bank, disproportionately strikes in different towns in West-Bank, with high prevalence in Nablus and low prevalence in tulkarem. This prevalence is low compared to Western Countries despite the high intake of calories. |
Analysis and Short-Term Future Vision for the
Analysis and Short-Term Future Vision for the PDF |
| AHMADHASAN MOHAMAD ALMOSLEH |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. KHALED AL-SAHILI - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 348 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract There is a lack of urban and transportation planning in Jenin City. This study addresses the short-term planning for the transportation systems in Jenin City to reach at appropriate solutions for the transportation problems in the city. In addition, the study addresses other detailed objectives for the various transportation systems in the city. This study includes statistical data collection from its various sources and field surveys (traffic volume studies, parking studies, and inventory studies). The thesis includes a study of existing transportation systems (description and evaluation), traffic analysis of studied intersections (capacity, level of service, and signalization). The analysis includes existing and future conditions (after five years), which depend on projected number of vehicles based on natural population growth for Jenin City, as the number of vehicles during the last ten years was not regularly registered and licensed. The importance of this thesis is that there is a need for regularly conducting such studies every five years to update such plans taking into consideration several changes taking place in this city. Most of these changes come from political and economical reasons, in addition to the changing traffic conditions in the transportation network and the existing and proposed transportation systems resulted from the Jenin Master Plan. Based on the analysis, the study reached at several recommendations for the existing and proposed road network conditions, which form the transportation master plan for the city. The proposed changes include plans for the studied intersections and roadways, parking, public transportation, truck routes, pedestrian areas, and the institutional structure. The study concluded that only one intersection is warranted for signalization in the future, which is An-Naffa Intersection. |
Family Reformation from Holy Quran Point View
Family Reformation from Holy Quran Point View PDF |
| Younus Mahmoud Sadeq Yaseen |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohsen S. Al-khaldy - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 248 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Holy Quran comprises a lot of plans that can save humanity from loss and sinking in darkness. It came as the basis of reforming people; it has transformed them from ignorance to science, from darkness to enlightenment, from enmity to brotherhood and friendship. All these characteristics and trails made it the sole means which enabled Muslims to restore their dignity and nobleness. This Quran contains the greatest reformation theory ever to known. Reformation in all its forms, economical, political and spiritual have received great interest from the Holy Quran and the focus was on all these areas which family reform springs. The importance of family reformation lies in the fact that it not only affects the family members but also the whole society so if it corrupts the whole society will be negatively affected. Thus, it is no a strange thing to focus on this topic. Family reformation occupies a good space in the Holy Quran; it is one of the basic issues approached by the Holy Quran. Reality and dealing with family reformation in an accurate way are the main traits of the Quran. It has put the base stone of finding solutions for the current problems and any problems that may arise. Perhaps one of the clearest factors in family conflicts is the ignorance of the family members of their roles and duties. So, the Holy Quran has distributed roles of the people including leaders. |
Contract Court: Theory and Practice
Contract Court: Theory and Practice PDF |
| Basem Mohammad Sarhan Ibraheem |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr Jamal Ahmad Zeid el-Keelani - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 208 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The research which is called “ Contract Court: Theory and Practice: consists of a prelude and four chapters showing the most significant features of council of purchase contract as an Islamic idea which obviously signifies the importance of Islam, its validity for all the times and how it accepts innovations and keeps up with modern developments. In the prelude the study defines contract and purchase contract and shows its provisions, context and means that achieves with a context. In the first chapter I made an evaluation over different definition and made a more conclusive one and then I detailed the basics and provisions of purchase contract and reciting referring to it from Quran and Sunnah in addition to its technical shortcoming and its rationale. In the second chapter I talked about the union of purchase contract in a sense of relation between acceptance and offer and its effect on purchase contract and the contracts unconditional to council union, and when the council unites, suspends and how the contract is made. In the Third chapter I discussed the Consequences of the theory of purchase contract, such as acceptance option, rejection option and the option of purchase contract, and the effect of all on the council of contract, then what may be dropped by the council of contract, and finally I mentioned some issues related to the council option in the fourth chapter I talked about the council of contract between two present situations in respect with its definition, alteration, features and the time of making the contract, then I explained the contract between two absent situations, its definition and some applications and the time of making the contract. Then I talked about the council of contract via direct modern multimedia such as telephone, radios and televisions and other indirect or recorded media, such as tapes, recorded ( registered ) messages, and other medias related to written texts, such as telegraph, telex and fax, media that transfer audio-video (internet) for the adaptation of the council of contract by using such means. Finally, I mentioned the main results that I have concluded and appended it by, references and resources and the English abstract.
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Abu- Dīb 's Translation of Orientalism
Abu- Dīb 's Translation of Orientalism: PDF |
| Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nabil A'lawi - د. عبد الكريم دراغمة |
| Discussion Commity |
| 200 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
Despite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators.
Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible.
The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
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Technical Evaluation for the Re-use of Wastewater
Technical Evaluation for the Re-use of Wastewater PDF |
| Wafa' Kareem Said |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hafez Shaheen - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 172 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The current study was conducted in order to recognize the procedures used in Albereh sewage treatment plant for purification of wastewater and to evaluate the environmental impact of this station on humans in the surrounding area. The study also aimed at evaluating the possibility for the re-use of treated wastewater for various human uses. The researcher collected raw materials and data from various resources including specialists working in the field within the treatment plant. The study supported by obtaining water samples at the various stages of treatment to be analyzed and tested. The stages in the plant include various steps: At the beginning, wastewater arrives at the station through the sewage networks including wastewater from kitchen, bathrooms, toilets washing machines and factories. 1. Sieving stage: at this stage separation of other waste products carried out from the basin through two mechanical sieving machines, which remove all plastic, stones, and other materials that do not belong to the sewage network. 2. Precipitation grooves: precipitated particle in these groves usually pumped out and remaining water left out for shot period and allowed to flow at low rate. 3. Ventilation tank: this stage represent the basic principle for biological treatment as bacterial growth and degradation for wastewater begins yielding slimy precipitates 1. Filtration stage: at this stage, water separated from the slimy precipitate, which recycled again to the filtration tanks. 1. Condensation stage: after degradation of wastewater, condensation of precipitated materials is carried out in order to reduce the volume of materials to be treated at a later stage and to reduce the water content of precipitated materials 2. The stage of water removal: water is separated at this stage through the use of pressure and mechanical filtration aided by the use of additional accessory materials 3. Mechanical treatment stage: this includes the exposure wastewater to ultraviolet light which in turn harmful bacteria from spreading to ground water and the surrounding valleys, however this stage was not functioning at the time of study The results of the analyzed samples of the current study showed that the treatment station is working in good satisfactory level, proved to be capable through the various working stages to get red of water contaminants, and resulted in re-usable water for use in agricultural cleaning of streets purposes. However, if the last stage was working the yielded water might be even for human usage. Solid wastes are also safe to be used as fertilizers. The treatment plant also carried out experimental work on purified water in order to evaluate the possibility of its re-use. Their results proved that the treatment plant is satisfactory and the purified water can be used for irrigation purposes without constituting any harm or spreading of disease, thus, the treatment plant achieved its two major goals; first to prevent pollution and secondly re-use of treated water that helps in solving water crises in the Palestinian territories. |
Mind and Senses Lexicons in the Holy Quran
Mind and Senses Lexicons in the Holy Quran PDF |
| Siham Mohammed Ahmed Al Asmer |
| Supervisor(s) |
| PhD. Yehya Jaber - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Thanks to Allah, and peace on his prophet, This study was arranged in an introduction, three main chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction approached the importance of language in human life. Furthermore, the study focus on the status of Arabic language; the language of the holy Quran, the title of the study was "dictionary of lexicons of mind and senses: a statistical study. The first chapter of the study, made the theoretical background with a title "lexicons of mind and senses between philosophers and linguists". It also included a discussion of vocabulary of realization and awareness that took its origin from the Greek philosophy with an Islamic style, most of the time, a cross-opinions approach between the variouse linguists which shows the points of agreement and disagreements. The second chapter: in this chapter the dictionary was divided into similar somatic groups, the dissection of lexicons semantics and its origin in the Arabic dictionaries, moreover, a linking was made between most dictionary lexicons and their meaning in concrete form, and its epistemological and its developments into their abstract form. The third chapter contained a statistical tabulation, and divided them into two tables of contents, the former is concerned with mind and senses lexsicons in alphabetical order, supported with variouse occurrences in the holy Quran, the latter, is a statistical tabulation that shows the numbers of words occurrences in the Quran, their derivations and their madani and maki classifications. Finally, the study ended with a conclusion that focuses on the main themes and summarizes the study's main results, while comparing the results of previous studies.
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